E-Business-Issues and Challenges

E-Business – Issues and Challenges Ashmita Paul Abstract In today’s business climate, e-business can have an impact on every facet of the organization, including supply chain management, leasing, non-cash payment, mail order commerce or the rise of service economy. As said by Lou Gerstner, ex CEO of IBM, â€Å"E-business is all about time cycle, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage†. E-business is transforming companies and industries, at an accelerating rate. Business cycles that used to be measured in years are now measured in days. This paper deals with the various issues of e-business as well as the challenges being faced. Issues can be technological and non-technological. Technological issues investigated include telecommunication, hardware, software and the availability of technical skill sets. Non-technological issues are often related to intellectual property concerns, copyright, trademark, credit/cash policies and privacy. As companies have embraced the internet as a business medium, they have discovered that their biggest challenge is not only establishing connectivity and infrastructure but is the safe and secure transmission and sensitive information. This paper focussed on emerging issues of e-business that are more high-up and stern in developing and emerging economies. An attempt has also been made in the paper to throw light on the challenges to e-business that are more related to strengthening success factors, establishing barriers to failure, diminishing barriers to success and fighting the failure factors. Key words: E-Business, Technological, Non-Technological, Challenges.

Evan 101 Study Guide 5

Exam 5 Study Guide All questions will be taken from the text Evangelism Is†¦ by Earley and Wheeler. †¢ Be able to identify the following verses as they are written in your textbook and have an understanding of Dr. Earley’s and Dr. Wheeler’s teachings on these verses: †¢ John 1:14 (ch. 22) †¢ Acts 1:8 (ch. 22) †¢ Proverbs 11:30 (ch. 23) †¢ John 13:35 (ch. 24) †¢ John 2:1–10 (ch. 25) †¢ Luke 19 (ch. 25) †¢ John 6:1–14 (ch. 25) †¢ Matthew 25:38–40 (ch. 27) Chapter 22 †¢ According to Dr. Earley, the United States has shifted from a Christian nation to a _________________________ nation. Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Jim Peterson defines our â€Å"secularized society† as ___________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Earley, the â€Å"peanut butter and jelly approach† to evangelism requires both proclamation and ______________. (Be able to fill in the b lank. ) †¢ Proclamation Evangelism is primarily for who? †¢ According to Dr. Earley, is evangelism an event? Chapter 23 †¢ According to Dr. Earley, you do not need to win lost people to _______________ (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr.Earley, if we are to be truly effective evangelists, we must love people like ________________ and see them like _______________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Earley, many people simply must feel like they ________ before they can __________. (Be able to fill in the blanks. ) †¢ According to Chapter 23, ___________ out of 10 unchurched adults would accept an invitation to church if invited. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Earley, what are the 3 victories you win with unbelievers and in what order do they occur? Chapter 24 Dr. Earley compares evangelism with lost people to building ____________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Whe eler, who cites Claude King and Carolyn Thompson’s work, all believers have _______ concentric circles of concern in evangelism. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Know the concentric circles of concern in evangelism in order. †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, evangelism is lived out through ________________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, what is the culmination of evangelism? Chapter 25 †¢ According to Dr.Wheeler, evangelism is hanging out ____________________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, Jesus exhibits the characteristics of â€Å"hanging out† evangelism in John 2:1-10 when he attended a ______________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Dr Wheeler encourages believers to be fully present by continuously looking for ________________________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Dr. Wheeler quotes this verse, â€Å"For if you remain completely silent at this time, relief and deliverance will arise for the Jews from another place, but you and your father’s house will perish.Yet who knows whether you have come to the kingdom for such a time as this? † as an example of divine opportunity. The person given this opportunity was _____________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) Chapter 26 †¢ Dr. Wheeler states that â€Å"incarnational living’ and following the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18–20) is more about ______________ than coming. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, incarnational living is an expression of our new ____________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Citing Steve Sjorgen in his book, Conspiracy of Kindness, Dr.Wheeler notes that the proper way to view and respond to lost people is to _____________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ Incarnational living involves what? †¢ Dr. Wheeler quotes Albert L. Meiburg, who states that _______ is the trigger which activat es God's call to minister if we have the heart to hear and respond. † (Be able to fill in the blank. ) Chapter 27 †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, by putting ministry into action, evangelism becomes a natural _________. (Be able to fill in the blank. ) †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, evangelism is opening our eyes to ___________. (Be able to fill in the blank. Chapter 28 †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, evangelism is knowing the difference between _____________________. (Be able to fill in the blanks. ) †¢ Dr. Wheeler quotes Jerry Pipes concerning the art of listening. What are the levels of listening? †¢ What is One-up Listening? †¢ What is Barney Fife Listening? †¢ What is Dr. Phil Listening? †¢ What is I-Pod Listening? †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, what are effective strategies in listening? †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, true evangelism is expressed with the whole being, both ____________ and ______________. (Be able to fill in the blank s. Chapter 29 †¢ Dr. Wheeler cites John 11:35 when Jesus wept as an example of his empathy in action. Who was Jesus crying over? †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, is empathetic living relating to the physical pain of hurting people. †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, part of living an empathetic life is learning to live with your personal struggles and shortcomings or ____________. (Be able to fill in the blanks. ) †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, what are examples of empathetic living? †¢ According to Dr. Wheeler, 1 origin of the word empathy means ______________. (Be able to fill in the blank. )

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS ENVIRONMENT INCLUSION Research Paper

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS ENVIRONMENT INCLUSION - Research Paper Example hat which makes one breathe, or to that in life worth breathing for. Spirituality is interpreted variously, depending on concerns, expectations, and experiences. For many, the spiritual domain is equated with a specific religious tradition or practice; for some, spirituality is a private experience of connection to some unifying and universal presence; and for others, it is tantamount to a profound sentiment of peace and contentment. For some they are uncomfortable with the parlance of spirituality (faith, belief, soul, God). Soet and Martin (2007) report that spirituality has received increasing attention as an area to be considered in counseling and college student development. But little has been written about specific interventions to address college students' spiritual needs.† (Strange, 2001 p.58) 3 In â€Å"Taking Religious Pluralism Seriously: Spiritual Politics on America's Sacred,† Barbara A. ... one poll, are not part of any religious tradition at all." (McGraw & Formicola, 2005, p.ix) 3 In 2002, the UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute initiated a main, multi-year program of research to study the spiritual development of undergraduate students during the college years. The Astin, Astin, & Lindholm study (2010) was intended to increase the understanding of how college students consider the spirituality, the role it plays in their lives, and how colleges and universities can be more effective in facilitating students’ spiritual development. (Astin, et al., 2010, p.1) Among the primary research questions were: 4 â€Å"What role does spirituality play in the lives of today’s college students?† 4 â€Å"How do students’ spiritual qualities change during the college years?† 4 â€Å"What are institutions doing that aids or inhibits students in their spiritual quest?† (Astin, et al., 2010, p.1) 4 According to the Spirituality we bsite of the UCLA, the school found that students showed the maximum degree of growth in the five spiritual qualities if they are enthusiastically engaged in â€Å"inner work† through self-reflection, observation, or contemplation. Students also showed significant increases in interest in the spiritual quest when their faculty practiced inclusionary policies. 4 â€Å"Religious Engagement, an ‘external’ measure which represents the behavioral equivalent to Religious Commitment, includes behaviors such as presence religious services, praying, religious singing/chanting, and reading sacred books. Attendance at religious services shows a sharp down turn during college, while other forms of engagement show alike but slighter declines. Over the third of the students (39%) attend services less repeatedly in university than they did in high

Fast Food Industry should Be Supervised Research Paper

Fast Food Industry should Be Supervised - Research Paper Example Atherosclerosis is one health complication that individuals gain through excessive consumption of fast food products. This is majorly because most fast food products contain a copious level of salt and cholesterol. These two nutrients are the major cause of cardiovascular health problems. Health experts argue that excess consumption of salts may result into negative health conditions of an individual, such as blood pressure. Notably though, most people consume most of their salts from processed restaurant foods, such as fast foods. A simple check on the sodium content in common fast foods such as an egg, a biscuit, and a sausage breakfast sandwich is 1,210 milligrams and 290 milligrams of cholesterol. This is very close to the recommended levels per day of 1500 milligrams of sodium and 300 milligrams of cholesterol for adult consumers. The consumption of too many salty foods leads to attainment of high cholesterol content in the body causing a build-up of plaque in the arteries, bett er known as atherosclerosis. This is a very serious medical condition and can result into a stroke, heart attack, and in a worst-case scenario, death! Diabetes is another lifestyle disease that also results from excessive consumption of fast food products. Most of the fast foods and soft drinks in the market nowadays have high sugar content, such as French toast sticks, fast food coleslaw, as well as cheeseburgers. Obesity is one of the major side effects of fast food consumption because of the high content of calories and fats that they contain.

Qualcomm, Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualcomm, Inc - Research Paper Example This was the beginning of the exponential growth of the company. The company nowadays has extensive portfolio not just in the United States of America, but the company has over 195 patent agreements around the world. This makes Qualcomm the best and the largest company in the communication sector. The company has also been very active in the growth of 3G and other wireless communication developments. Among various other development, company has developed several modern technologies in the industry including CDMA technology, 3G technology and QUALCOMM Enterprises Services (QES). QUALCOMM is also helping the governments around the world in setting up effective communication solutions. QUALCOMM has also started QUALCOMM licensing service though which the every new development that QUALCOMM makes is licensed to companies around the world so that this development is not concentrated to just one part of the world, but it spreads throughout the world evenly. (Qualcomm’s Official Webs ite, 2011) Qualcomm is threatened quite badly by the large amount of lawsuits that were filed against the company. Everyone these days seem to file lawsuits against the company. From the handset makers to cellular networks, everyone has given its own share of problems to the communication industry giant, QUALCOMM. These lawsuits range from antitrust law violations to licensing agreement. All of this could have created a mess if it was not QUALCOMM. It is one company that is spending huge sum on its team of defense attorneys. Hence, the company can fight it out by having out-of-the-court deals with the companies who have filed these lawsuits or else they can go with them hard in the court of law. In any case, QUALCOMM does not have too much to worry about and this problem is going to be handled more than effectively by the team of lawyers that are on QUALCOMM’s payroll. This problem also stemmed from the sharp growth of the communication industry in the last decade. This irreg ular resulted in a lot of problems and lawsuits for QUALCOMM. However, QUALCOMM is in a great position to come out of this problem as they have a great team of attorney to defend the company’s position. (Sidener, 2009) Another problem with QUALCOMM is its declining margin. In the latest quarter ending June 26 2011, QUALCOMM operating profit margin was 30 percent. This was a decline of 3 percent from the quarter previous year. This shows that operating expenses of QUALCOMM are rising faster than its revenues. This has caused the problem of declining QUALCOMM’s profitability. The scrutiny of financial statements reveals that this decline in profitability is a result of increasing cost of equipment and servicing costs. QUALCOMM can improve its position by moving towards more efficient operations. They should try to reduce the costs by as much as possible and should try to increase their revenues. This can be done by increasing the cost control methods and hiring operation managers at each cost centre. They should inspect the factors that are leading to wastage and should try to eliminate them so that the next quarter’s financial statements are more profitable and more ostentatious. (Qualcomm’s Income Statement, 2011) QUALCOMM operates in an industry and is facing high level of competition. It is reported that there are around 21 companies that provide competition to QUALCOMM directly or indirectly. This is

Success of Capitalism through Mass Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Success of Capitalism through Mass Media - Essay Example The word ‘capitalism’ appears to have its origin in long-distance trade in the past where ships went to different islands in search of pepper or spices, with the expectation that those making the movement of the goods would benefit from the scarcity of goods in one place and abundance in another place. Since the ships need to travel and there were costs to the goods and transporting same, revenues above costs or profits from the price of sold goods were expected in return (Fulcher, 2004). However, there are also risks in not being able to recover the cost due to other factors that may come into the picture (Fulcher, 2004). Â  Capitalism may have evolved in magnitude from the old times but it is essentially referring to an economic order where there is private property ownership. It could be considered as a consequence of democracy because of the nature of political and economic rights given to individuals. Along with private ownership, the market or the law of supply and demand must be allowed to operate which entails assigning a price to each of the factors of production including land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship (Slavin, 1996). Â  The term capitalism is distinguished from communism where the means of production is owned by the state. In the capitalistic system, the market forces of supply and demand dictate what gets produced and how much it gets produced. In communism, the government as planning agency dictates what gets produced and how much it gets produced (Slavin, 1996). Capitalism is also compared to socialism as an alternative economic order. Socialism is closely related to communism since both concepts entail massive government or state intervention in terms substantial degree of government planning instead allowing market forces to function freely (Slavin, 1996).

Saudi Arabia and the World Trade Organization Term Paper

Saudi Arabia and the World Trade Organization - Term Paper Example On the face of it, membership in the WTO means, primarily and for the most part, a reduction in tariffs, increase in foreign investment, and the importing and exporting of products and services on a level never before seen in the country. A deeper analysis shows that this has led and will continue to lead to fundamental changes in the basic business and financial structures within the kingdom, which has had an almost immediate effect on the cultural and social policies and attitudes within the Saudi Arabia. In order to attain a better understanding of these policies and what Saudi Arabia's membership in the WTO means for global enterprise and free trade we will need to consider the following three areas of analysis: 1) The economic, political and social conditions which existed just prior to Saudis accession into the WTO and the motivations that prompted them to initiate the process, 2) The obligations and stipulations of membership in the WTO for Saudi Arabia and what changes this h as led to both internally to Saudi Arabia and externally in the rest of the world, and 3) The ramifications of this accession in the long-term for global enterprise and free trade in other parts of the world. ... II. WTO Background It is important initially to highlight some of the features of the WTO in general that have precipitated many of the important changes in Saudi Arabia and how the WTO sees itself as more than a simple trade agreement and why this perspective is important for global enterprise. The successor organization to General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), in 1982 the so-called Uruguay Round of negotiations set the stage for the promulgation of the WTO. Designed to set best practices for international trade, offering a comprehensive and robust forum for trade-related negotiations as well as a dispute resolving mechanism, the WTO has expanded its role via the Doha agenda (WTO 2007) and not only sees itself as regulating body for trade but as a body that seeks to grow and develop multilateral enterprise and global trade of its member nations. This includes but is not limited to offering technical assistance to the least-developed countries within the WTO, promoting agricultural and private sector development in such countries as well as creating favorable circumstances to encourage specific types of trade with certain developing states. This expanded mission has had many positive results for both developed and developing nations as this allows for more fruitful engagement with countries along multiple lines of trade such as in Saudi Arabia, for example, where these policies have promoted growth and commerce in non-oil related sectors. This commitment is in-line with WTO's general mission as a body created to liberalize global enterprise and this liberalization has been the focal point for much of the debate in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. III. Prior to the WTO It

Article Review and Response (Read Full Directions) Essay

Article Review and Response (Read Full Directions) - Essay Example will be left without a single high-profile league sponsorship, even as Reebok will continue to sponsor the NHL, Adidas swallowed up Reebok in 2006, but Adidas as a brand will be left out in the cold so to speak. From a marketing point of view, moreover, exiting the NBA would mean that Adidas is potentially ceding more mind share to Nike and Under Armour, even as financial considerations, marketing strategy, and marketing budgets went into the decision to end the NBA sponsorship arrangement. For those who will be left to compete for a new NBA apparel and uniform deal, the projections are that the price will be much higher than what Adidas paid for this current existing sponsorship contract, which translates to amounts that are much greater than $400 million (Tabuchi and Belson). For Nike, what is at stake is extending its dominance of American sportswear, and preventing its emergent rival Under Armour from gaining market share. For Under Armour, the sponsorship deal can catapult its brand image and marketing reach beyond the US and towards other markets where the NBA has significant traction (Tabuchi and Belson). While on the surface ending the sponsorship deal looks bad for Adidas, the company may have figured out that the NBA is not the best vehicle for its brand advertising, in terms of return on marketing dollars. To be sure ,even with the current sponsorship arrangement in place, the article notes that the fortunes of the brand have been declining in the US for some time, and in certain product categories, such as shoes for instance, Nike has outclassed Adidas, and Under Armour too has come to achieve some success without the NBA. Moreover, in markets outside the US, Adidas may have enough marketing programs in place to compensate for the loss of traction from leaving the NBA (Tabuchi and Belson). On the other hand, it may be that losing the NBA sponsorship will further erode Adidas’ already dwindling market share and prospects in the United States. Maybe

Cultural Activity Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Activity Report - Essay Example Inside the book, there were different directions to various sections within the museum. In addition, it had a brief history of the museum. As I was walking, I noticed that the people who were attending the museum, were people from different ethnic background. Although, most of them were Americans and Chinese. Just like any other museum, they were dressed in casual clothes. The Museum has different sections: anthropology, archaeology, arms gallery, art, numistics, educational activities, botany, zoology, geology, children museum, and various laboratories. However, after visiting all the sections within the museum, there were two sections which caught my attention. This were the archaeology and the anthropology sections. The anthropology section, is basically concerned with preserving data about evolution of man and the activities that they were involved with. It is in this section that I managed to see the first computer that was built in 1930. The computer was about a half tonne and 10 meters long. The curator told me that it was slow, and it could not store information for more than twenty four hours. I also realised that up to today the way the Egypt pyramids were built, have not been understood. In fact, most researchers believe that the technique that the Egyptians used to build the pyramid is very advanced, and this therefore means that in terms of building technology, the earlier man may have been advanced than us. While, the archaeology section contained ancient Egypt pieces of arts, the protestant reformation arts, the ancient Chinese culture arts etc. Some of the ancient Egypt pieces of art which I saw were, the lion hunting cup, drachma, cow nursing its calf, and horse shaped drinking vessel; as well as images of kings. While, some of the ancient Chinese pieces of art I saw were, the travellers among mountains and streams by Fan Ku’an, and the three coloured ceramics (Tang Dynasty) by San Cai. Out of these arts, the

Sources of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sources of Finance - Essay Example The major challenge faced by SMEs is to access the capital to take advantage of new investment opportunities. The studies on SME financing in the past showed the lack of financing a major constraint for start-ups as well as expansion but recent statistics show an improved capital access for SMEs. This essay aims to present the definition of SMEs from the point of view of European Commission, the sources of finances available to SMEs along with the suitable financing options according to the stage the SME is in, the barriers SMEs face in procuring the capital or if the financing constraints still exist, and the steps needed by policy makers to provide congenial environment to SME sector. Background of Small and Medium sized Enterprises The Small and Medium sized Enterprise can be defined in two ways- Quantitatively and Qualitatively. The quantitative definition is based on the various criteria set by the different countries. Qualitatively SME can be defined on the basis of ownership w hich is limited to a few individuals. SMEs are privately owned with low volume of sales and a very few employees. The definition regarding the number of employees varies from country to country with 15 employees in Australia under Fair Work Act 2009, 50 employees under EU and a little less than 500 employees in USA to qualify for Small Business Administration. The European Commission has given a definition of an SME which qualifies an enterprise to be small or medium sized enterprise if it fulfils the criteria of maximum ceilings in either one of staff headcount, turnover or balance sheet given in Table 1. Table 1: Qualification to be an SME (Source: European Commission-a, 2009, p.3) This new definition was adopted by EC in 2003 and came into effect in 2005. The main reasons behind adopting new definition were to improve availability of capital, to update thresholds and to improve access to R&D and promote innovation (European Commission-b, 2005, p.8-10). The European Commission wor ks on policies regarding SMEs throughout Europe and assists them through business support measures. In 2010, the number of SMEs in EU was around 20.8 million, 99.8% of the total enterprises. These SMEs employed 87.5 million people, almost two-thirds of the total employed people producing GVA of 58.4% (Cambridge, 2011, p.8). In 2010, SMEs accounted for 60% of UK’s total public sector employment and 50% of the private sector turnover (Turner, 2010). In February 2011, UK ministry announced the reform measures specifically to open-up public sector markets for SMEs. This included the set-up of ‘contracts finder’ a source to access information regarding procurement, tenders and contracts and directives to government departments to set targets to increase businesses with SMEs. They also presented an SME Action Plan taking into account the limited means to increase non-UK business for SMEs in UK (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 2011). Sources of Finance for SMEs Finance i s considered a key element that drives the SMEs to successively build productive capacities and create jobs. Without capital, SMEs cannot acquire

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay Example for Free

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay British literature from the bygone days of Anglo Saxon towards the most confound present era encompasses different periods with its own generation of versatile writers. Anglo-Saxon literature is deemed to be the oldest among the vernacular literatures of modern Europe with the result its relationship with the Latin period was very close. Its life ranged from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066 with several works of great religious importance and epics to its credit. The literary works of fiction whether ‘Beowulf’ or ‘Life of St Eugenia’ present the literature with the religious fervor but an ample of the privileges of rights and duties cherished by the contemporary society. These thematic elements were sought by its most special features and styles in which they were written but more than that, they were cherished, woven and beautified by the use of disguise for e. g. in the ‘Life of St. Eugenia’, much before violence and act of martyrdom takes place, the saint disguises herself as a man to join Christian missionaries against the wishes of her parents. This male disguise gives protection to the virgin not only from her family but also from everyone who wants to remove her from the monastery and the male monks. As said by Horner, â€Å"The dramatic tensions produced by this disguise once again exemplify the tensions between literal and spiritual reading practices, as the life acts out the struggle between the interiority and exteriority, which is the hallmark of the Elfrics corporeal hermeneutics. † (Horner, 156) Written around 800 C. E, ‘Beowulf’ reveals the tale of King Hrothgar, who has established his own kingdom but is now thwarted by the continuous attacks from the hideous monster Grendel. Grendel, a descendent of the biblical Cain has been unleashing warfare with Hrothgar’s thanes for twelve years, and remains untouched by their appeals to leave them. Soon after words, Beowulf, a warrior from the Geatland kills Grendel and his mother and later a dragon that besieges Beowulf’s home Geatland. In a much profound Grendel, ‘disguise’ is used as a manifestation of the self and character of Grendel who is divided between the two worlds: firstly in the world of poetry and secondly the world of humans, but never is able to devoid himself from his monstrous attitude. When once a Shaper, a poet gives shape to the worldview of Danes with his evocative poetry and music, Grendel gets attracted towards this heroic ode and decides to join humans but is rejected. He feels himself on the verge of solipsism and when Grendel meets the dragon, the hope for attainment of human vision is darkened by his nihilistic affinity. Grendel becomes destroyer and takes to assault, but when he moves towards the end of his life, he has to tackle with the meaning. Hrothgar withstands repeated attacks of Grendel and becomes nobler. In between the two traits of human and beast, Grendel becomes more of a beast, but with a sense of pity towards him as he is himself a tormented soul between his own beastly world and the world of humans who themselves are turned into beasts. Tormented by the human ways, he disguises himself and reaches Herot, which is the golden guest hall, and slaughters thirty men. Similar sorry and pain is witnessed by Queen Wealhtheow who tries to hide her wails in disguise while being a wife of Horthgar. From her heart, she despises Hrothgar yet she disguises herself as dutiful and loyal wife always addressing him as ‘my Lord’. Unferth, who is also a great soldier had killed his brothers years ago but now desperately wants to be a hero and when Grendel knows about it, he teases him by saving him inspite of killing all the other soldiers. Unferth feeling ashamed disguises himself so that he gets killed by the soldiers while fighting along with Grendel. It is a human tendency to hide their wails behind several disguises, wearing a mask of happiness and solitude on their face beckoning this greatest work of epic to reveal this trait of human beings in the portrayal of Grendel, Unferth and Queen Wealhtheow. (Staver, 190) ‘Disguise’ in the variegated forms can be found most profoundly during middle age. Between the years 1340 to 1400 was the period of transition from the medieval showing sparks of modernity yet it was typically medieval people borne with the superstitious and chivalric attitude, religious mind and backwardness. In fact the age of Chaucer was not stagnant: it was inching it way steadily and surely to the dawn of the Renaissance and the reformation. It was an age of restlessness amid the ferment of new life that Chaucer lived and wrote. Old things and new appeared side by side upon his pages and in his poetry, we can study the essential spirit of both the ages, one that was passing, and other that was to come. In this period, on one hand people clutched their traditional ways yet at the same time tried to hold whatever was modern. They wore the mask of modernity yet found incapable to release their traditional ways. (Simpson, 224) ‘Disguise’ in the Chaucer’s ‘Canterbury Tales’ is a means to embody the attitudes of common man as well as knights. ‘Tales of Knight’ shows that to fulfill their desires, knights can go the extreme extent of disguising themselves and enter into their own enemy’s quarters. In one of the tales, two knights are seen fighting over the same woman, which in the end shows how they believe and truly cherishes their chivalric code. Chaucer wanted to show how a knight who ventured into the far away place had an ardent love for chivalry, truth and honor. He wanted to let the other people know what really were honesty, truth, virtue, liberty and courtesy for a knight. The knight proves his point through the story of Arcite and Palamon. From the onset, it appears that they would reveal what exactly the code of chivalry is for them but at many occasions their actions would go against the traditional concept of the chivalric code. Imprisoned behind the bars of King Theseus, they both get attracted by the beauty of Emily, sister-in-law of King Theseus and behind the bars argue with each other to possess this most beautiful woman. But soon they realize it is such an obtrusive act on their part to cry for the woman they cannot even think of attaining, as they have to remain behind bars throughout their lives. After a period, a duke named Perotheus, who is a friend both of Theseus and Arcite petitions for Arcite’s freedom, Theseus agrees to the same yet on the terms that Arcite would be banished forever from Athens. How can he be happy with this new freedom, as he gets jealous of Palamon who despite behind the bars can at least see Emily every day from behind his tower? But Palamon too becomes depressed all the more as now he thinks Arcite would make use of Army to have Emily. Here Arcite does not bring army but using a disguise of a servant returns back to Athens to get closer to Emily. Here the role of disguise comes in. People of that era would disguise themselves to attain whatever they want. Meanwhile Palamon too escapes from the prison and comes to know about Arcite designs, as he hears him singing in the woods in praise of Emily. He comes face to face with Arcite and both ensnare to have a fight. But Theseus intervenes and Palamon tells whole reality to him. Theseus invites both of them on a sportive spree- to fight with each other in front of spectators with equal number of warriors to back them and who so ever is victorious would have Emily’s hand. In the battle, Arcite is able to subdue Palamon but does not kill him, as his chivalric code never permits him to do so. But when Arcite rides towards Theseus to lay claim for Emily’s hand, his own horse throws him off crushing him to death. As he dies, Theseus’ men take Arcite to bed, where doctors make every effort to heal him and on the death bed, he tells Emily what she should do, and he says, â€Å"With my cousin Palamon here I have had strife and rancor for much past time, for the love of you, and for my jealousy†¦. And if you are ever to be a wife, forget not Palamon, the noble man. † (Chaucer Nicolson, 69) In the end, he shows his chivalric code and code of honor to display his love for them. In yet another tale from ‘Canterbury Tales’, ‘disguise’ is used for deception but to reveal values of a wife and her devotion and loyalty towards her husband. Once Marquis of Saluzzo, Italy lured by the beauty and virtue of a poor girl, Griselde, marries her, but with a condition she would always obey him and do whatever he asks her to do. When their first child is borne, Walter decides to test his wife for her loyalty. He straightforwardly tells her, as the rest of the nobility does not accept her so her daughter must die. As bound by the duty as a wife, Griselde accepts. Walter does the same when their son is borne, still Griselde does not oppose. He then plans another test by arranging fictitious order sent from Rome especially for him stating he should give divorce to his wife with immediate effect, despite the fact that his subjects have begun to hate him for killing his children, he goes on with his plans. Meanwhile he orders his children back with great pomp and show but still without revealing truth about them. In fact, he goes to the extent of declaring his marriage with the girl who happens to be his daughter. He returns the dowry to Griselde and makes adequate arrangements to send her back home. Again she accepts her fate without repenting. All the people follow her lamenting to see her condition. When both the children reach palace, he orders Griselde to arrange his marriage with their daughter, again Griselde accepts without questioning. He even declares his new bride to be treated better than his previous wife. Again when he sees there is no grudge on the face of Griselde, he kisses her and reveals the whole truth to live happily ever after. During the medieval period, ‘disguises’ were the most important armaments for the men and women of great disposition who used them to accomplish their mission or solve their purpose. The use of disguise then passed on to the fictitious world of great literary Elizabethan era 1558–1603 with great flavor. In almost all the works of fiction, be it poetry, play, prose or a novel, writers made use of characters in one context or the other disguised themselves in a pursuit of their goals. At the time Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, women began to get their voice in literature. As a woman and performing men’s job, Queen had to adopt different personalities; when she needed strength to overpower her feministic ways, she adopted her father’s strength and at the time when she was going to get married, she behaved like the most elegant maiden. Her attitude to adopt different persona and the way she used disguise to achieve her ends was an example for others to follow. She was a motivation and a sparkling work of creation of God in the eyes of writers of her contemporary era. Disguise was most important to protect her vulnerability but Shakespeare was less overt, yet his plays had women having three-dimensional traits. Along with this, his male characters too had a chief trait of disguising themselves especially sexual disguise. â€Å"While some aspects of the disguise are common to all the plays in which it appears, its dramatic function is shaped by the particular design of each play; and the differences are fully as important as the similarities in understanding the complexity of the device in Shakespeare’s hands. † (Hayles, 63) Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ is a play on the concept of kinghood. King Lear has all the qualities in him to be considered as a king, but when he is old, he brings destruction on himself, on people who are close to him and on his own country. It is a play that removes the veils that cover the true nature and character of human beings. People who look simple, religious minded and innocent are in true nature culprit and villain. It happens in the world where there is greed, hypocrisy, and flattering and where the king is always cautious to even seek advice from his most trusted man Kent. We could see the traits of disguise within the context of the first two acts only where the King’s two daughters Regan and Goneril use flattery as a disguise hiding their true feelings, and indulging in conspiring to occupy the land.

Ganga Project Essay Example for Free

Ganga Project Essay Born in the lap of the Himlayas, I have been flowing towards the sea for ages, through hills and valleys and planes by earning love and good wishes of all whom I meet on my long way. I am a river, a dancing maid, who knows not how to tarry for a while. When I was given this eternal flow I remember not, and when it will end is a mystery to me. This much I know that I was given my birth to serve the earth with her animate or inanimate creations. My life is a dedicated one, meant to purify the filth of the earth. I wash and carry away the polluted articles, such as the smelly corpses of men and beasts, the wastages of oils and chemicals of the mills, and the excretory refuse of the towns and villages-all sorts of dirty accumulations from my both the banks. Still with a gay heart, I run and jump and sing my murmuring song, as I pass through the green paddy fields, dense forests or thickly populated inhabitations. The sky overhead protects me with its endless roof; the sun gives me his brightest rays, while the moon plays with me the game of tides : ebb and flow; the passing clouds shower their secret treasures on my hidden heart to make me happy. I give shelter to the fishes and the aquatic animals; I give company to the innocent boatmen; I enjoy the music of the birds flying in the blue sky above, or settling on the flowing water-hyacinths on my broad bed . I welcome the soft rays of the setting sun that creates a beautiful glare on my little ripples, when the wind blows slowly. With sun rays I look different at day, and with moon rays mystic at night. I live and will live to continue my eternal journey with my ever youthful heart. River Ganges is a massive river in India, where Im from. So as a part of the Environment Contest, I write this piece Life as a river aint easy, especially when you start from an glacier which refuses to stop melting. Ganges here, River Ganges . . . I figure you might have heard of me sometime or the other. And yes, I am openly envied by all my other river-sisters. They’re pretty jealous actually, thinking of me as perennial, and never ending and all that rubbish. Well let’s get something straight like a strait, life as a river ain’t easy. I’m old, let me tell you that. So old that I forgot when I began, and I don’t forget. I remember when the President took a nice cruise over me in 2009. I can tell you that it was 29th August. Well enough of that, now where were we? Yeah, I’m old. I began when several glaciers started melting. I had fresh water, and a faint smell of lilies were all there was to me. All along my banks, civilization began, trees grew, houses were built, families were made, and myths about me were told to one and all. I was worshipped by almost everyone. And that’s when it got horrible. I began to get bathed in; they thought that by bathing in me, they’d get â€Å"pure† souls and â€Å"peaceful† courses to Heaven. All the good it did them, they could’ve just taken a bath with normal water. They sure were satisfied with themselves, but I, I was left to accept murky, sweaty, disgusting human bodies dousing themselves in me, and occasionally, defecating in me. But still, no one cared, and the other rivers, they only got more envious. They thought I was lucky that I got all the attention and said they’d trade places with me any  day. Yeah, like I wouldn’t kill for that. Eventually, I had several marine animals and plants wishing to reside in my waters. And I didn’t mind it much. I would love to have some sort of company in my waters. Then came another phase; humans began to wash clothes and their cattle in me. I mean yeah, I could handle them, they were hardly ever that dirty, but really, clothes and animals? I was just awestruck. When people washed their clothes, so much dirt was excreted. And the animals, they didn’t give a damn about the world! They’d poop all over the place. Rubbish absolutely! And don’t tell me I didn’t warn anyone, of course I tried to! If the fools are blind enough to mistake a hurricane as a sign of anger as a ‘natural disaster’, I say to Tartarus with them! And when a tourist would come by, they’d bathe in my waters too! What audacity. I bet they have plenty of fresh, clean  rivers in their country where they could bathe, why me? So I’d ask some of my water-bacteria to go and give them a prick to make them learn. And they’d go home green. And that glacier! It absolutely refuses to stop melting. Well nothing’s happening to it, but I’m getting flooded so quick that people fear living on my banks nowadays. Well I don’t mind that but . . . So I say, to everyone reading this, if you dare to come ‘purify’ your body in me, I’ll make sure that an eel wraps around your leg! Ha! So that’s that then, this is River Ganges signing off, and be sure to spread the message! I am a river. I like to give you an account of my life. You may laugh to think what is the value of the autobiography of a river. You may laugh if you like. Men write their autobiographies. They have importance in their own way. I have importance in my own way. Birth and early careerI was born long ago in an obscure place in a mountain. Several very small streams of water joined together to form one bigger stream. That is how I was born. I am that bigger stream. I am restless from my birth. I cannot stay at one place. So I flow down the mountain. I leap from one rock to another. I am full of life and vigor. As I flow down, I gather strength. My current is very strong here. I carry down with me broken rocks. At last I come down to the plains. My career in the upper plainsHere I begin to widen in my course. People begin to make use of my water. Here it is as pure as anything. In my upper course, people have built up towns of pilgrimage. They have built temples on my banks. Hundreds of people bathe in my sacred water. They worship the deities in those temples. They regard me as very sacred. There are also several health resorts in my upper course. People from many parts of the country come there for a change. They walk on my banks. They enjoy the natural beauty. They recover their lost health and return home with a happy heart. My career in the lower plainsI have said before that I am very restless. I am constantly on the move downwards. Leaving the upper plains behind I flow down through the lower plains. My water increases the fertility of the fields on either side of my banks. Abundant crops grow there. The country become prosperous. Towns on my banksPeople have built large towns on my banks. Some of these towns are centres of culture. Some have commercial importance. People carry on trade and commerce. They ply boats and steamers along my surface. These carry many important goods for trade. People travel from one place to another in boats and steamers. Hundreds of people bathe in water. They use my water for drinking and other purposes. Efforts to control meDuring the rainy season I carry large quantities of rain-water from the mountain. My surface rises. Sometimes I overflow the banks and cause flood. People suffer much. But am I to blame for this ? What can I do if huge quantities of rainwater flow down me from the mountain? Your Government has now tried to control my furious nature in the rainy season. In my upper course sometimes I fall down several hundred feet from a great height. Here your Government has built barriers across me to hold back my water. It has built dams to store up the surplus water to irrigate the land to help agriculture. Electricity is also generated here with the power of my water. This electricity is cheaper. It helps industry in towns and even in remote villages. Thus you may see how I help you. My career in the lowest courseIn this way I go on. I have no rest. Men may come and men may go, but I go on for ever. † Your Government has tried to control my furious nature. But it is a very difficult task to control me always. Sometimes I play the part of a destroyer. I wash away my banks. I destroy towns and villages. Again I play the part of a creator. I carry down sediments. These are deposited in some places where the current is not strong. New land is formed there. This land is very fertile. This is done near about the place where I join the sea. Ports at my mouthI flow on to join the sea. This is my goal. This portion of my course is called my mouth. People have built ports here. Factories have been built on my banks. This makes the country prosperous. But the factories do one great harm. In my upper course my water is very pure. But here the municipalities of the towns and the factories throw away all sorts of impurities into my water. This pollutes my water. I am not to blame for this. ConclusionThis is my life history. There is one great difference between men and me. I am constantly on the move to join the sea. Men are born and they die. I have no death. I will flow eternally. I will do great service to men. They should, therefore, remain grateful to me.

Macro And Micro Environment Analysis Of Ford Motors

Macro And Micro Environment Analysis Of Ford Motors Introduction Ford Motor Company (Ford) is the largest automotive manufacturers in the world, operating in 200 markets across six continents. The brand includes Ford, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury and Volvo. Ford also sells luxury sport car Aston Martin. The company primarily based in the US and Europe and employs 246,000 people as on Dec 2007. The goal of Ford is to build products that are immensely desirable so that they get profit. They also do this by increasing number of new product from around the world. On 2007 fiscal year, the company recorded $172,455 mill revenue, increase of 7.7% over 2006. But however, the net loss was $2723 mill in 2007, compared to $12,613 mill in 2006, with operating profit of $5631 mill in 2007 as comparison of $8,190 mill in 2006( datamonitor). Macro and Micro Environment Analysis Industry Analysis: Overall the industry is segmented by the type of vehicles; Motorcycles 5.8%, Passengers cars 69.5% and light truck 24.7%. The faces tough competition with Daimler, Chryster AG, Fiat, General Motor, Honda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Suzuki. In which Ford motor company has the market share of 9.4% ( datamonitor, 2009). The industry fluctuated over 2004-2007 affected by global economic downturn and declined in 2008. However, the performance is predicted to accelerate with compound annual growth rate of 4.4% for 5 yr period of 2008-2013 to a value of $1,831 billion by end of 2013. Despite US Govt. providing billions of dollars to Fords rival GM and Chrysler, Ford is OK with the situation. Despite its loss in 2008 and dwindling cash supply, Ford is widely expressed in media as financially stable  [1]  . PEST Analysis: Political: The Company has to go with rules and regulations formulated by the government such as CO2 Tailpipe Regulation. Companies get respect from government for powered IWO wheelers. Ford has to go through the European Union vehicle approval. Economic: Depression hits the Automobile industry. Ford, GM and Chrysler face problem in this situation. Factors such as Central London congestion charge, call to become all gas guzzlers , European union reduced pollution certificate and London low emission zone affect the manufacturing of the Ford cars. Social: There has been growth in road traffic slowing. Society is concerned with more green cars to be sold. Road safety for everyone should be considered by Ford. Technology: New technologies like using bio-fuels and digital radio should be considered. Ford has invested in car safety. Similarly, Ford also invested in CO2 reducing technology. SWOT Analysis: The companys strong brand portfolio gives it a competitive advantage. Strengths: Ford has a strong brand portfolio and engineering capabilities. Ford has wide network of distributors and dealers and high employee productivity. Ford operates in an industry which has customer who highly value brands who believe strong portfolio of established brand gives competitive advantage which helps in brand equity. This helps in launching new product range and penetrating in new automobile markets. Weaknesses: Ford faces continued decline in market share in US from 20.5 % in 2003 to 15.6% in 2007 similarly in UK 19.5% (0.3% down from previous year in 2006). This was due to increased competition, industry moving away from traditionally stronger segment, reduced vehicle sales, daily rental companies, and discontinuation of companys vehicle lines. Likewise Ford got 3 complaints on leaking fuel or oil ignition. Several product recalls inadequate quality assurance and quality control system and declining operating efficiency and weak returns (datamonitor). Opportunities: Ford Company has the opportunity to expand in India and China. Company launches new models often now and then according to the choices of customers. They can produce hybrid vehicles. They face increasing demand of dual fuel vehicle. Threats: The profitability of the business relies on performance of the economy in which the company operates. If EU and US shows economic slowdown continuously the companys business will face negative impact. Similarly, sluggish light vehicle produced in the developed market also acts as a threat. The company also need to consider EU vehicle regulations. Porters Five Forces Analysis: Buyers in the automotive industry are large with significant financial power. Buyers power of dealers is affected by brand strength of top market players. An increase in raw materials costs put pressure in both market players and suppliers. Barriers of government regulations high fixed costs exit barrier puts new entrants into difficulties. Competition arises as a result of economic downturn. Buyer Power: Buyers in this industry have financial strength, if its high, they can make large purchase and put pressure to reduce prices. But Brand strength weakens buyer power. Retailers like distributor have one market player and thus buyer power is reduced. Overall the buyer power is moderate. Supplier Power: Supplier of raw material, assembled and semi assembled, energy like- steel, aluminium. The power of suppliers is strengthened further by the necessities of the automobile industry requirement of raw materials of high quality. Reliance of supplier is minimized by different companies. The power over all is moderate. New Entrants: Small firms are unlikely to enter in this industry which needs intellectual property. Entry is further made difficult by getting distribution channels. Similarly, company has to meet government requirements and invest on continuous development. The threat is moderate. Substitute: Used cars acts as substitutes. However, affordable power diminishes used cars. Awareness of environmental issues and climate change might lead people to walk, cycle and use public transport. The companies are making hybrid( petrol, electric) cars. Overall the threat is weak. Rivalry: Competition in this industry remains fierce, among the top 4 market players 38% of market value. Toyota, GM , Daimler and Ford. High fixed price exit barriers raw materials costs lead to unpredictable production costs and post pressure on market players. Most company produce diverse range of cars .The rivalry is very strong. Marketing strategy option for Ford Motors Social Responsibility and Ethical Marketing Communication: Ford emphasises on being a good corporate citizen, by focusing on the global community by understanding envirionmental issues and investing on people. Similarly, organise programmes to promote tolerance and equal opportunities and support social and environmental protection programmes. In 2006, Ford was the first automotive manufacturer to produce dedicated hydrogen fuel V-10 engines. (datamonitor). Ford introduces new vehicles which offer fuel economy and reduced environmental impact. In Britain, from April 2009, the government encourage the manufacturer to produce cleaner cars, and Ford should adopt the policy and motivate customers to opt for least polluting cats  [2]  . In short- run, they focus on clean diesel engines, hybrids, flexible fuel vehicle ethanol vehicles and turbo charged direct injection Eco Boast- Superior performance, which provide 20 % better fuel economy, 15% fewer CO2 emissions. In the long run Ford has invested in plug in hybrids, fuel cells, hydrogen internal combustion engines, advanced technology. Ford believes that these are right and responsible things which would give customers better goods. Target Markets and Segmentations: Ford has broken down its diverse markets into two manageable segments, Financial and Automotive services. Inside these more segments on geographic and organisational structure. Similarly Ford attracts younger demographic. Automotive: Ford segments its customers based on the car types- passenger cars, trucks, buses and vans, sports vehicles, accessories, after sale parts, maintenance and vehicle repair services. This business division consists of design, development, manufacture, sale and service of trucks, cars and service parts. Hence make small, medium, large and premium ranges. This segment is further divided into geographically, Ford North America, Ford South America, Ford Europe, Premier Automotive group, ford Asia Pacific and Africa Mazda. Each has their own manufacturing process, like- Ford North America- design, develop, manufacture and service vehicle ad parts. They have servicing as maintenance and light repair, collision, vehicle accessories and service warranty. Financing Service Segments: These include financing products to and through automotive dealers. Three categories- retail financing, purchase retail instalment sale contracts and retail lease contract from dealers and offering financing to commercial customers. Similarly, they offer loans to dealers to finance the purchase of vehicle inventory. External marketing communication: Ford develops advertising, sales promotion, sponsorship and merchandising programs  [3]  . Fords advertising policy is do best by building and selling the most innovative cars and trucks  [4]  . Ford adopted Bold Moves campaign, a form of transparent marketing( via webisodes , the assessment of past and present performances), emotional appeals (interview with employees) and product oriented work with an emphasis on drivers than steel metal. Ford has done Sync campaigns  [5]  which deals with TV and radio commercials, print and online advertisement, a promotional tone and dealership training which targets Black and Hispanic consumers. Chris Brown appeal young urban consumers. Give radio commercials Online sync with chrisbrown.com- launched Nov 12, 2007. Columbian Rocker Jaunes Multicultural marketing communications Emphasis on digital promotion. Ford adopts mantra of Change or Die which has reached the parent company of its largest advertising agencies  [6]  . The company hires best talented employees, consultants and contract workers, who are devoted to administrative, media and band experience service. Using ad agencies for delivery would promote the most stunning product. Mark Fields, Fords President of America, focus on customers needs and brands. Ford spends $757.5 million to advertising in US media on 2005. Automakers like Ford, GM are the biggest budget cutters in media and advertising. Ford cut their spending on Hispanic media more deeply in fourth quarter which feel 31.2% last year to $46 .7 million, but according to RNS it is still continuing a long tradition as the executive car sponsor for Univision blockbuster Sabado Ginate show. In April 4, in this show the Host Francisco drive the new 2010 ford Fusion to the studio and hosted Ford Fusion game to give away a new car to a winner in the studio audience  [7]  . In UK, Ford sponsors events like UEFA champions- football tournaments and charities. They sponsor various events and organisations from family fantasy, Disneyland Paris to 60 year old musical and military prowess, the Edinbrugh Tattoo. The sponsorship focus on all the target markets form children to elderly, which shows that company is building image in the community as a form of goodwill for the company itself. Recently Ford Company launched Ford Focus, the commercial is beautifully made. The Ford Focus Orchestra- in which musicians are shown playing the instrument made from the real car parts. The main aim of this advertisement is to show customers that all the car parts are important and has best quality. The journey made with this car would never make you feel long with the experience of comfort cabin with striking exterior and improved technology. Primary Survey Analysis: Customers: As research done on the customers of Ford Cars, most customers are influenced by friends and family. They are likely to buy cars which are recommended by peers. Thus company can focus on giving best service and product to all target customers and also positive word of mouth communication (message is transmitted from the sender to many receivers, Pickton and Broderik). Similarly, customers look after the style and comfort of the cars, like size- 4 wheelers, small for single individual. What they look for is the use of cars like vans, trucks and their storage, capacity, fuel, engine, warranty. So, what Ford needs to understand is the needs and wants of the customers. Likewise, customers are influenced by the advertisement in the cars and magazines. Advertisements which use celebrities are likely to influence more customers. Ford uses cars in James Bond movies, science fiction drama Fringe  [8]  . Ford can adopt celebrity endorsement, using celebrity as a spokes person for project (Pickton and Broderick). Customers are also influenced by the established brand name. They look after the brand loyalty and its strength in the market (Allan K). Sales person influence the most when customers visit showrooms, the form of direct marketing- persuading and informing customers at the spot. Therefore, Ford can invest in best customer service personnel and give training to employees. Recommendations Klara Roberts argues that even though all the promotional activities Ford have done so far, will not help sales grow  [9]  . There are more marketing communications mix (internet advertising, direct marketing and e- commerce, sales promotions, sponsorship etc.) to be adopted to communicate directly with target markets (Seminik R. J.). Managing Corporate Identity: Ford can maintain the image of being dynamic, goal- orientated, attention-getting, active and pioneering .According to the Chris Fill, 2002, Ford has many stakeholders and small corporate gap and hence can adopt incremental process in maintaining this gap. Similarly, Ford should try to be a good corporate citizen, by managing corporate identity among various stakeholders, like- employees, local community and government. All the promotional and marketing activities done by the companies are based on maintaining corporate image. Push Promotional Strategy: Ford can adopt this strategy, a form of promotional effort by the manufacturer or suppliers to encourage trade channel members to promote and sell their products (Pickton and Broderick). Sales forces, internal part of communication, can be targeted as the main form of push strategy. Pull Promotional Strategy: Ford can also adopt pull strategy, a form of promotional effort to end customers and consumers to demand more by adding benefits and other activities (Pickton and Broderick). Such as discount promotion- a process of discounting the price for the product so that customers are encouraged to buy however this involves financial aspects (Hans and Duncan) . Similarly, they can improve on their weaknesses to minimize product recall and improve product efficiency which adds benefits. Relationship Marketing: Ford can put its emphasis on relationship marketing, between various stakeholders. They can focus on delivering more to the target customers by being more specific. As researched on the consumers, they are affected by the positive word of mouth marketing. Ford should focus on customer relationship management (positive communication and long term customer relationship management, Hans and Duncan). Even though they give services like financing, service and maintenance, they can add more features like style and safety. Brand Strategy: Most customers considers brand before making purchase decision. What Ford can invest in establish long term brand image by using more of communications mix which are explained further. This will help as a source of competitive advantage and create entry barrier. Brand strategy helps in improving the product by introducing innovative technology (Semenik). Similarly, Ford can also look for brand future, by adjusting in future changes in legislation, technology consumer patterns (Pickton and Broderick). Business 2 Business Marketing: This form of marketing acts as a lead generator, brand awareness and relationship development. If Ford fails to recognize the trade customers, they looses the first line customers. The agencies should change their cultures break down barriers and generate new marketing initiatives and creative ad content. Promotional Mix/ Intergrating Marketing Communication Mix: Analysing Ford Company, we can see that they have adopted various forms of promotional mix such as advertising, sponsorship. However, they can invest more on these factors and decide on what to adopt ( Kotler and Keller). Advertising Expenditure: Ford can also expend on intermedia (options for deciding media such as cinema, TV, press posters, magazines etc). Ford can target TV commercials (Ford Orchestra) as lots of people see TV everyday during free period. Buying a car is high involvement product where more risk is involved in buying decision (Hierarchy of Effects Model). People look for the best advertisement and are influenced by the positive aspects of commercials. Thus Ford could be more focused on creative advertising procedures. Public Relations: Ford can make an effort in this field by having sound relations with employees during the time of redundancy and closure, which is happening at the current economic downturn. Similarly, Ford can invest in ethical marketing, doing best for the public, like donations, conserving environment. All these helps in dealing with the negative publicity and crisis management and develop to make the corporate image (Pickton and Broderick) and helps brand signatures( Kotler and Keller). Internet Advertising: In Sept. 2008, Google was criticised for charging companies like Ford, for their share of profit in return of internet advertising  [10]  . There are various negative consequences that are faced by company in internet advertising such as fraud and scam. However, Ford can invest in internet advertising through websites which acts as an agent for the car companies. Personal Selling and Sales Management: As a research done on the customers, they are influenced by the presentation of customer service advisors. Similarly, the role of distributor is very important as they act as the main source to deal with the sales and marketing effort (Pickton and Broderick). Future Marketing communications: The form of media is always changing. The generation of use of media depends on the innovation and technology ( Broderick and Pickton). Firstly, there was a use of newspapers, then radio, television and internet. Future is based on the electronic marketing, known as ecommerce. Ford needs to go along with the change in media adaptation by the consumer and thus invest in communication via such medium.

Motherhood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate Brown and The Fifth ch

Motherhood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate Brown and The Fifth child by Harriet Lovatt Motherhood is a traditional role for women. From the time they are young, girls are taught to grow up, marry and become mothers. Of course they can do other things with their lives like play sports, have careers, and travel, but an overwhelming amount of women want to be mothers no matter what else they accomplish with their lives. It is common knowledge that being a good mother is one of the hardest jobs in the world. It is to forever have a special link with another person or people and have a tremendous influence, maybe the most tremendous influence over their lives. Motherhood is a roller coaster ride for women, full of ups and downs, fears and accomplishments. But what happens when motherhood defines who a woman is? All children grow up, and while a woman is always a mother, children need their mothers less and less until eventually their dependence is very minimal. What happens to the woman whose singular role and purpose is no longer needed? In The Summer Before The Dark, and The Fifth Child, the maternal roles of Kate Brown, and Harriet Lovatt are analyzed and traditional motherhood behavior is deconstructed due to these characters’ experiences and relationships with their children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kate Brown is the typical middle class, attentive mother who dedicates her entire life to raising her children and being a supportive wife to her husband. She has been a mother for the vast majority of her life, and that is the only role she has known. â€Å"Her first child had been born at twenty-two. The last was born well before she was thirty† (Lessing, 18). This novel takes place when Kate is forty- five, so for 23 years, Kate has been a mother and a wife. This has been the basis of her existence. â€Å"Kate’s four children have structured her existence, as can be seen in her almost â€Å"maternal† responses to young people she encounters in her life† (Lee, 17). All Kate knows how to do is be a mother and take care of other people. This is apparent in her relationships with people at Global Food, (the place where she is hired to be a translator), and with both Jeffrey her younger lover) and Maureen, (her roommate). Her maternal ins tincts are extremely strong and at the beginning of the novel, it seems that is all that defines her. She comes to the realization that her younges... ...other due to her young age and lack of exposure to the world. Harriet Lovatt had experience in the world but unleashed it when she became a mother in hopes of dedicating all her efforts to being a good mother, until eventually this very drive to be a good mother caused her world to crumble. She realized that in order to save herself, she would have to liberate the relentless drive to attain her goal of being a good mother. She had to let go just as Kate Brown did. For â€Å" the woman with grown- up children and not enough to do, whose energies must be switched from the said children to less vulnerable targets, for everybody’s sake, her own as well as theirs† (www.galileo.usg.edu) The last part of this quote is pivotal. The mothers must consider everyone involve, including themselves. They must take their own interests into account and care about how they will turn out in the long run. This act, itself, defies traditional motherhood roles. In all actuality, mothering is a selfless act and mothers think about themselves last, if at all. But sometimes, for the sake of themselves, their souls, and their families, mothers have to put themselves first for the sake of everyone involved.

The Great Gatsby and The Wasteland Essay -- Fitzgerald Elliott English

The Great Gatsby and The Wasteland Fitzgerald’s Great Gatsby and Elliot’s The Wasteland are two stories that similarly express the modernist post-war disillusionment. Both stories comment pessimistically on the direction that our world is moving in from the post-war modernist perspective. Both men looked past the roaring twenties, and realized that this time period was actually a moral wasteland. The final paragraphs of The Great Gatsby sum up their mutual lack of faith in American culture to improve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fitzgerald uses a number of both direct and indirect ways to comment on what has happened to America. The green light is a recurring symbol in this book that has many deep meanings. Beginning in the first chapter, when Nick compares the green bulk of America rising from the ocean to the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, this symbol takes on many meanings. This is the green light that drives Gatsby, this is the green light symbolizes the new money and materialism in the world. This shows that money is now the new driving force in the world, and that people work to consume. This ties into the fact that Gatsby went to great lengths to become rich solely to impress Daisy with his wealth. Additionally, Gatsby showed off this wealth by showing her all of the shirts that he had purchased. All of this points towards the emerging consumerism in American society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The green also seems to symbolize the automotive industry, which was one of the biggest parts of the new consumer culture. Henry Ford made a policy of paying his workers high wages, because he realized that if they were paid more, they themselves would become consumers of his products. Today, cars are often seen as a status symbol, which began back in the 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Wasteland of Elliot’s is analogous to the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City. It is an industrial wasteland that was clearly created by large corporations and industries. This valley of ashes symbolizes the moral decay created by limitless pursuit of wealth. The valley of ashes is a place inhabited by the poor, and polluted by the rich. This shows that the only people who have to accept the consequences of corporate greed are the working class themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elliot’s The Wasteland describes Europe as a very bleak place after the First World War. In the final section, the speaker bothers Stetson about th... ...green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter- tomorrow we will run faster, stretch our arms farther†¦ and one fine morning-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nick comments once again on Gatsby’s pursuit of this perfect future that will never materialize. He also says that this our world is deteriorating even further, but expresses some hope for the future. He expresses optimism not in our culture, but in human beings to strive for improvement. Nick ties up all of the sentiments on this page with the conclusion â€Å"so we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.† This statement ties back into the idea that people will strive to improve themselves, but the state of things are so bleak that it is like trying to row upstream. It also means that while people try to work for a perfect future, the best they can hope for is to be â€Å"borne back ceaselessly into the past.† Elliot and Fitzgerald share a mutual pessimism regarding society, but a confidence in individuals. They both share a very modernistic take on the post-war world, and hope that the power of individuals can break through the restraints of their society.

A Comparison of Outsiders in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Legal Ali

Outsiders in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Legal Alien In Pat Mora's poem, "Legal Alien," the author describes her biracial character as being "viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic, / perhaps inferior, definitely different, / viewed by Mexicans as alien," a description which highlights the situation encountered by people who strive to be prestigious individuals by floating between cultures and who consequently fail to be a part of any particular group (Mora 9-11). Often the individuals are biologically trapped between two probable lives, and they forge ahead to meet the opportunity of possibly belonging to the higher society while they degrade the small culture which has weaned them from birth. These people find themselves caught up in the universal ideals of achievement and prestige, and they begin to find fault with themselves and their backgrounds; they believe that their perception of themselves must be changed and improved. They must be a part of the group; however, conflict results from their selfish desires, and they are rejected by both organizations. Expressively evident in the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the conflict within certain racial groups often occurs when individuals of one race, blacks, strive to push themselves to the level of another race, whites; thus, the others left behind feel as if they have been betrayed while the whites gaze condescendingly on the black infiltrators. The ambitious individuals often follow a course of action involving the persecution of their own fellow brothers and the adoption of the features of their ideal, or higher, society. In trying to push herself to a level above the black folks, Mrs. Turner, a mulatto woman who is convinced of her superi... ...nt. By focusing on black society and showing the failure of an ambitious, "white" woman, she recognizes that a higher society is not necessarily better, as evidenced by the way Mrs. Turner attacks a weaker group of human beings. Mrs. Turner never comes remotely close to reaching the level of her white brothers, and she cuts her ties to her black neighbors so that she is lost and living without an identity. As Mrs. Turner insults the blacks, she claims that "'de higher de monkey climbs de mo' he show his behind," and this quotation surely seems to describe her and her situation (Hurston 136). The consequences of her prejudicial behavior have caused her to become "an American to Mexicans/ a Mexican to Americans" and nothing to herself (Mora 14-15). Works Cited: Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Library, 1990 ed.

Improvement of the International Trade Essay

Introduction Organizations are facing increased global competition, economic uncertainties, and changing markets. Technology is changing the way we conduct business and manage information. Outsourcing of goods and services enables companies to take advantage of lower costs in areas such as labor, energy, land and capital. By doing this, companies hope to lower their overall cost structure, improve profit margins, and enhance product quality, reliability and distribution, thus allowing them to compete more effectively. Suppliers and vendor partners may be located in the same city, region or country. But they are just as likely to be located halfway around the world, adding new challenges to business management. The growth of international strategic partnerships has risen exponentially in the last twenty years. Competing in a global marketplace has made it increasingly important to align business strategies with a risk management strategy that includes strengthening global supply chains and vendor partnerships. In the near future, it is supply chains that will compete, not companies. Global supply chains must be carefully selected and monitored to ensure the competitive edge required to achieve success in the global market place. Typically, the first order of business has been logistics and operations. 1. Logistics moves the entire economy Economic developments in recent years have led to the creation of complex company networks and systems of goods flow – in the process, the globalization of procurement, production and sales as well as the division of labor have increased. In addition, the complexity of international logistics systems in many sectors has grown as a result of increasing product variations and differentiation. Another factor is that many companies are concentrating on their core skills and are reducing their vertical integration. The efficient management of the resulting global flows of goods has boosted both the business and economic significance of logistics. Structure of Global Trade International trade, both in terms of value and tonnage, has been a growing trend in the global economy. It is important to underline when looking at the structure of global trade that it is not nations that are trading, but mostly corporations with the end products mostly consumed by individuals. Inter and intra corporate trade is taking place across national jurisdictions is accounted as international trade. The emergence of the current structure of global trade can mainly be articulated within three major phases: †¢ First phase (immobile factors of production). Concerns a conventional perspective on international trade that prevailed until the 1970s where factors of production were much less mobile. Prior to the end of World War I, global trade was mainly structured by colonial relations. Particularly, there was a limited level of mobility of raw materials, parts and finished products. After World War I international trade became fairly regulated with impediments such tariffs , quotas and limitations to foreign ownership. Trade mainly concerned a range of specific products, namely commodities, (and very few services) that were not readily available in regional economies. Due to regulations, protectionism and fairly high transportation costs, trade remained limited and delayed by inefficient freight distribution. In this context, trade was more an exercise to cope with scarcity than to promote economic efficiency. †¢ Second phase (mobility of factors of production). From the 1980s, the mobility of factors of production, particularly capital, became possible. The legal and physical environment in which international trade was taking place lead to a better realization of the comparative advantages of specific locations. Concomitantly, regional trade agreements emerged and the global trade framework was strengthened from a legal and transactional standpoint (GATT/WTO). In addition, containerization provided the capabilities to support more complex and long distance trade flows, as did the growing air traffic. Due to high production (legacy) costs in old industrial regions, activities that were labor intensive were gradually relocated to lower costs locations. The process began as a national one, then went to nearby countries when possible and afterwards became a truly global phenomenon. Thus, foreign direct investments surged, particularly towards new manufacturing regions as multinational corporations became increasingly flexible in the global positioning of their assets. †¢ Third phase (global production networks). There is a growth in international trade, now including a wide variety of services that were previously fixed to regional markets and a surge in the mobility of the factors of production. Since these trends are well established, the priority is now shifting to the geographical and functional integration of production, distribution and consumption with the emergence of global production networks. Complex networks involving flows of information, commodities, parts and finished goods have been set, which in turn demands a high level of command of logistics and freight distribution. In such an environment, powerful actors have emerged which are not directly involved in the function of production and retailing, but mainly taking the responsibility of managing the web of flows. The global economic system is thus characterized by a growing level of integrated services, finance, retail, manufacturing and nonetheless distribution, which in turn is mainly the outcome of improved transport and logistics, a more efficient exploitation of regional comparative advantages and a transactional environment supportive of the legal and financial complexities of global trade. Trade Facilitation The volume of exchanged goods and services between nations is taking a growing share of the generation of wealth, mainly by offering economic growth opportunities in new regions and by reducing the costs of a wide array of manufacturing goods. By 2007, international trade surpassed for the first time 50% of global GDP, a twofold increase in its share since 1950. The facilitation of trade involves how the procedures regulating the international movements of goods can be improved. It depends on the reduction of the general costs of trade, which considers transaction, tariff, transport and time costs, often labeled as the â€Å"Four Ts† of international trade. United nations estimates have underlined that for developing countries a 10% reduction in transportation cost could be accompanied with a growth of about 20% in international and domestic trade. Thus, the ability to compete in a global economy is dependent on the transport system as well as a trade facilitation framework with activities including: †¢ Distribution-based. A multimodal and intermodal freight transport system composed of modes, infrastructures and terminals that spans across the globe. It insures a physical capacity to support trade and its underlying supply chains. †¢ Regulation-based. Customs procedures, tariffs, regulations and handling of documentation. They insure that trade flows abide to the rules and regulations of the jurisdictions they cross. Cross-border clearance, particularly in developing countries, can be a notable trade impediment with border delays, bottlenecks and long customer clearance times. †¢ Transaction-based. Banking, finance, legal and insurance activities where accounts can be settled and risk mitigated. They insure that the sellers of goods and services are receiving an agreed upon compensation and that the purchasers have a legal recourse if the outcome of the transaction is judged unsatisfactory or is insured if a partial or full loss incurs. The quality, cost, and efficiency of these services influence the trading environment as well as the overall costs linked with the international trade of goods. Many factors have been conductive to trade facilitation in recent decades, including integration processes, standardization, production systems, transport efficiency and transactional efficiency: †¢ Integration processes, such as the emergence of economic blocks and the decrease of tariffs at a global scale through agreements, promoted trade as regulatory regimes were harmonized. One straightforward measure of integration relates to custom delays, which can be a significant trade impediment since it adds uncertainty in supply chain management. The higher the level of economic integration, the more likely the concerned elements are to trade. International trade has consequently been facilitated by a set of factors linked with growing levels of economic integration, the outcome of processes such as the European Union or th e North American Free Trade Agreement. The transactional capacity is consequently facilitated with the development of transportation networks and the adjustment of trade flows that follows increased integration. Integration processes have also taken place at the local scale with the creation of free trade zones where an area is given a different governance structure in order to promote trade, particularly export oriented activities. In this case, the integration process is not uniform as only a portion of a territory is involved. China is a salient example of the far-reaching impacts of the setting of special economic zones operating under a different regulatory regime. †¢ Standardization concerns the setting of a common and ubiquitous frame of reference over information and physical flows. Standards facilitate trade since those abiding by them benefit from reliable, interoperable and compatible goods and services which often results in lower production, distribution and maintenance costs. Measurement units were among the first globally accepted standards (metric system) and the development of information technologies eventually led to common operating and telecommunication systems. It is however the container that is considered to be the most significant international standard for trade facilitation. By offering a load unit that can be handled by any mode and terminal with the proper equipment, access to international trade is improved. †¢ Production systems are more flexible and embedded. It is effectively productive to maintain a network of geographically diversified inputs, which favors exchanges of commodities, parts and services. Information technologies have played a role by facilitating transactions and the management of complex business operations. Foreign direct investments are commonly linked with the globalization of production as corporations invest abroad in search of lower production costs and new markets. China is a leading example of such a process, which went on par with a growing availability of goods and services that can be traded on the global market. †¢ Transport efficiency has increased significantly because of innovations and improvements in the modes and infrastructures in terms of their capacity and throughput. Ports are particularly important in such a context since they are gateways to international trade through maritime shipping networks. As a result, the transferability of commodities, parts and finished goods has improved. Decreasing transport costs does more than increasing trade; it can also help change the location of economic activities. Yet, transborder transportation issues remain to be better addressed in terms of capacity, efficiency and security. †¢ Transactional efficiency. The financial sector also played a significant role in integrating global trade, namely by providing investment capital and credit for international commercial transactions. For instance, a letter of credit may be issued based upon an export contract. An exporter can thus receive a payment guarantee from a bank until its customer finalizes the transaction upon delivery. This is particularly important since the delivery of international trade transactions can take several weeks due to the long distances involved. During the transfer, it is also common that the cargo is insured in the event of damage, theft or delays, a function supported by insurance companies. Also, global financial systems permit to convert currencies according to exchange rates that are commonly set by market forces, while some currencies, such as the Chinese Yuan, are set by policy. Monetary policy can thus be a tool, albeit contentious, used to influence trade. The close relationship between international economic growth and logistics Mobility is a critical condition for gains to be achieved in productivity, growth and employment in a macroeconomic context. The connection between economic growth and demand for product-transporting services is the result of various effects. These effects can clearly show the growing significance of the economic sector of goods distribution: 1 The effect of goods volume For a long time, it was assumed that in highly developed economies fewer and fewer quantities of goods were produced for the macrologistics system and that the transport volume rose at a slower pace than the economy. Today, it can be assumed that the development actually goes in the opposite direction as a result of the increasing inter-company division of labor created by intensified outsourcing in some highly developed countries. Transport intensity – that is, transport performance per production quantity unit – increases for many types of goods. Individual parts or components of a product are transported numerous times during various stages of the value chain, e.g., transports between plants. 2 The effect of goods structure In highly developed economies, the number of high-quality consumer and production goods rises. The share of mass goods, on the other hand, stagnates or even falls. The distribution of goods then shifts to high-quality products that must be shipped quickly. Because of the relatively low costs, road transports Road transport generally benefit. Railroads and inland water transports generally suffer because of their low speed. 3 The effect of logistics Logistics systems constantly undergo optimization. Supply chain management Supply chain management, production-synchronization deliveries that employ just-in-time Just-in-time concepts, the forgoing of storage and global outsourcing are just a few examples of this. But the application of modern logistics concepts affects the economic sector of goods distribution. This is because the new logistics focus of industrial and trade companies has altered the demands placed on the goods-distribution system. Road transports can react relatively flexibly and well to these demands. Railroads and inland water transports have a difficult time making this switch. At the same time, air-freight transports profit from time-critical shipments. 4 The effect of integration The creation of large economic regions gives rise to international, cross-border logistics systems. For instance, the European Union and regulations from the World Trade Organization [World Trade Organization (WTO) have propelled globalization Globalization in the goods-distribution sector. As economic regions spread, cross-border trade expands and the distances that must be covered by logistics systems lengthen. The effect of integration describes the increasing demands placed on the economic sector of goods distribution that are arising from the creation of larger economic regions and cross-border logistics systems. Conclusion: In all likelihood, globalization will continue and intensify. Trade is critical to economic growth and to global development. Trade facilitation has been pointed out as the lowest-hanging fruit in this respect. It has also been argued that logistics services play an important role in matching entrepreneurs in poor countries with foreign customers, whether these are retailers or downstream manufacturers. In particular, as the traditional wholesalers are increasingly being bypassed in modern supply chains, developing countries need to ensure that their entrepreneurs have access to modern intermediaries that can help match local suppliers with foreign buyers and with ensuring that products meet quality as well as time reliability requirements. The future growth of world trade will not be evenly spread, any more than world trade has ever been evenly spread in any period in world history. Individual countries are in very different positions with respect to their ability to benefit from world trade. Part of that is luck – having a coast, and rich neighbors help. But part of it is skill. Countries that are open to world trade, that create the infrastructure, and above all the right attitude, will be best placed to weather the current hiatus more successfully, and to prosper in the years ahead. References: http://www.dhl-discoverlogistics.com/cms/en/course/trends/macroeconomics.jsp http://www.na-businesspress.com/Wisma.pdf http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/ch5c2en.html http://www.unece.org.unecedev.colo.iway.ch/fileadmin/DAM/trade/agr/meetings/ge.01/document.r/wppdf.pdf

Organizational and Management Theories Essay

countermandThe purpose of this paper is to explain why re build chiffonier be so round-valu adequate to a affair. In todays humankind, businesses must(prenominal) stay on turn e actu all toldywhere of the competition and in nip with the changing world of technology. Over time, a business nurse blend stagnant, whitethorn be listning on cruise-control or run come out of sweet ideas. Sales whitethorn even start to slip with revolutionary competition coining the bottom line. ab initio a business is organized and it begins to swear out on a morphologic direct that fashions for the business. In time, minds push aside amaze hard-wired to continue to agency inwardly that sign variety however, framing is simply a c formerlypt. It locoweed be miscellanyd by h h nonp atomic number 18ilst-to-godfast the conceptual and emotional setting or visitpoint of the business. Reframing al abjects a business to hanging free from the limits of the original spew. The bus iness branch assesses its operations via eight-f elder out shades and trammels. on that point ar four common signifiers usance to give route operations and those acknowledge the structural gear up, the sympathetic Resource purge, policy- make ramble, and the emblematic contrive. separately frame has its deliver emphasis and occupy concepts and apiece forget be nurture explained in this paper.Vision 2011Organizations argon tangled entities. there atomic number 18 umteen factors that possess nerveal t 1 complicated, am macrouous, and unpredictcap equal. The biggest challenge for managers and leading is to go the indemnify way to frame our g everyplacenments in a world that has arrive much global, competitive, and turbulent (Stadtlander, n.d.) Organizational framing is a system in which the counsel of a business assesses its operation via threefold outlooks.The expertness for a drawing card to switch sense of the complex and ambiguous fie ld of study world depends on the mental models or frames applied to the task (DeGrosky, 2011). A frame is a mental model-a set of ideas and assumptions-that you extradite in your head to inspection and repair you realise and n egotismtiate a conk outicular rule (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 11). It helps managers visit the situation at slip away so they be able-bodied to pick out endings. in that location be distinct angles for managers to choose while making decisions in their g overnances. each(prenominal) angle gives the manager a several(predicate) view of the situation and helps them capture what is genuinely vent on.The Four FramesBolman and Deal (2008) highly-developed an arrangemental theory that consists of four frames. The organisational theory prescribes a multi-dimensional or multi-frame uprise in understanding the attributes and situational contexts of giving medicational carriage (Thompson, n.d.). The four frames atomic number 18 morphological, human being Resource, Political, and emblematic. geomorphological FrameThe structural frame is the view that an makeup is a factory or a machine. The structural frame depicts a rational world and emphasizes organisational architecture, including goals, twist, technology, specialized single- cute functions, coordination, and formal relationships (Bolman & Deal, 2008). It defines the responsibilities of each eyeshot and the relationships between them. Six assumptions undergird the structural frame 1. Organizations exist to action established goals and objectives.2. Organizations incr alleviate efficiency and enhance functioning with specialization and appropriate component part of labor. 3. Suitable forms of coordination and control en legitimate that divers(prenominal) efforts of psyches and units mesh. 4. Organizations development to best when rationality prevails over personal agendas and extraneous pressures. 5. Structures must be excogitationed to assemble an ma keups veritable circumstances (including its goals, technology, relieve oneselfforce, and surroundings). 6. Problems arise and military operation suffers from structural deficiencies, which fecal matter be remedied by means of analysis and restructuring. humans Resource FrameThe valet de chambree resource frame centers on what organizations and batch do to andfor one near other (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 117). It emphasises on the individuals that work in an organization and their skills, attitudes, energy, and lading. The man resource frame is built on core assumptions that highlight the by-line linkages * Organizations exist to serve benevolent postulate or else than the converse. * People and organizations inquire each other. Organizations engage ideas, energy, and talent mass train c beers, salaries, and opportunities. * When the fit between individual and dust is poor, one or two suffer. Individuals argon exploited or exploit the organization-or both beco me victims. * A right-hand(a) fit benefits both. Individuals find nubful and satisfying work, and organizations conduct the talent and energy they collect to succeed. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 122).Political FrameThe political frame views organizations as roiling benas hosting ongoing contests of individual and stem interests (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194). Politics fades be hasten employees be approximateing to observe antecedent. The individuals with the most power bequeath be the individuals that leave get exigency they want. There are five propositions to summarize this frame 1. Organizations are coalitions of assorted individuals and interest conferences. 2. merger members put one over enduring differences in values, beliefs, nurture, interests, and perceptions of reality. 3. roughly eventful decisions involve allocating scarce resources-who gets what. 4. unusual resources and enduring differences put conflict at the center of day-to day dynamics and contact power the most central asset. 5. Goals and decisions bug out from dicker and negotiation among competing s puddleholders rich person a go at iting for their own interests. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194-195). emblematical FrameThe emblematical frame views an organization as a tribe or nation (Henderson, 2011). It helps to give employees a content to their work. There is a traditional way of completing tasks. It is the way that an organization forms its agriculture. The organisational culture shows the internal (employees) and external (customers & stakeholders) how the come with wants to be perceived. The emblematical frame distills ideas from various(a) sources into five suppositions * What is most important is non what happens but what itmeans.* Activity and marrow are loosely coupled events and actions birth multiple interpretations as hatful roll in the hay life incompatiblely. * Facing uncertainty and ambiguity, sight hit symbols to resolve confusion, find burs ter, and anchor apply and faith. * Events and fulfiles are often more(prenominal) important for what is expressed than for what is produced. Their emblematic form weaves a tapestry of secular myths, stares and hotshotines, rituals, ceremonies, and stories to help people find purpose and passion. * Culture forms the superglue that splices an organization, unites people, and helps an initiative accomplish desired ends. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 253).BackgroundSteve Jacobs worked as an engineer in the US Army. by and by serving for 15 courses he retired and he started a small store that manufactured parts for industrial boilers. The ac alliance was called Steve Jacobs Engineering however with the ingathering he switch overd it to Steve Jacobs Engineering LLC. From the start hard work and luck seem to amaze give off and over the years the confederation continued to grow in great and production. By the time his great grandson Martin Jacobs took over the company in 2007 as the chief operating officer the company had 2200 employees and an annual turnover of $3.2 billion. An applied science graduate with an MBA, he had worked in the company during his student geezerhood and was concerned more or less the company and its tread found on the changing business surround.Despite the growth in capital, labor force, market and moolah the company had outdated management dodgings that do it venerable to a crisis in a changing business surroundings. Martin Jacobs spent his depression year as chief executive officer identifying the challenges organism faced by the organization. He figures he need to tack the * Structure of the organization to bind it more decentralized and disperse where employees locoweed share ideas within di heaps and ranks. The old establishment was based on a top down dodging that he believes fucking non be sustained. * Groupings in the organization based on position, skills, age and department * Training, need and compensat ion of the workforce is not in sync with current economy * engineering science which is outdated* Way things are organism done nowMartin Jacobs ponders on these salmagundis and as he contemplates on how toroll them out the United States Congress, in their infinite sapience and pressures of the global economy has elected to substitute the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metrical function remains, telling by 2010. Changing into metric system go forth be good for the company and the terra firma as all the exported goods prevail to be labeled in metric system or they lead not sell. For the CEO Steve Jacobs Engineering has to convert the way it operates or it will not survive. This provides an opportunity for him not only to change the metrics system but the entire operations of the company. abstract of Theories universe usedMaslows power social organisation of need-people are activated by a variety of wants, whatsoever more perfect than others. (Human Resource Frame). * Basic call for for personal n early(a)-being and safety are prepotent they have to be satisfied first. Once tear down needs are fulfilled, individuals are motivated by social needs and ego needs. At the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization. * When changes occur in organizations, people become noble of the parvenu changes and the unknown of the future tense. * Managers need to come down this idolize by providing employees with psychological spur off and training to help them overcome this up hap. When this awe is overcome they can move up in the hierarchy of needs and take a step c overleapr to grasp self-actualization-developing to ones fullest and actualizing ones ultimate say-so. *Andrew will be physical composition the analysis once everyone has provided their root theories.academic Literature retreadNeeds to include at least 5 peer-reviewed daybook sources.1. de Jager, P. (2001). electric resistance to change A stark naked view of an old hassle. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 2. Tan, N. (2005). maximising Human Resource Potential in the middle of Organizational Change. SingaporeManagement Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635 3. Sigler, K. J. (1999). Challenges of employee retention. Management search Review, 22(10), 1-5. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635.Comprehensive avocation Literature Review1. Case Studies2. forward-moving-lookings Reports3. Service Offerings.Predictions of major(ip) ChallengesStructural FrameThe Structural Frame emphasizes goals, specialized references, and formal relationships this frame can be used to organize and structure groups and teams to get tops and fit an organizations environment and technology.The make for of organization visualize matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, mass, and strategy of the organization. Structure is knowing to enhance communication and information hightail it among people. Systems are imageed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. engineering science is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish substantive work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization. redeeming(prenominal) organizational design helps communications, productiveness, and innovation. It nominates an environment where people can work effectively. The unfathomed responsibility of managers and leadinghip is to clarify organizational goals, to attend to the relationship between structure and environment, and to develop a structure that is decease and appropriate to the goals, the task, and the environment. Without such(prenominal) a structure, people become unsure or so what they are say to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict . In an effective organization, individuals are clear close to their responsibilities and their contribution. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are well-defined. When an organization has the mightily structure and people understand it, the organization can achieve its goals and individuals can be effective in their roles.major(ip) challenges* need of structural design to enhance communication and information cling among people. * Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish purposeful work.Human Resource FrameThe human resource frame highlights the relationship between people and organizations (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 137). It includes peoples skills, attitudes, energy, cargo and relationships as fundamental resources of organizations (DeGrosky, 2011). During quantify of change, managers need to consider the effects the changes will have on the workforce. If the changes that occur do not align with the employees needs and wants it could cause negat ive meetings on the organization. Managers need to understand that whenever changes occur resistance will happen. apology is simply a very effective, very powerful, very useful survival machine (de Jager, 2001).Employees question the curtilages things need to change when they have worked in the past or are currently working. Losing employees that resist the change process is one of the biggest risks in managing business change. The employees that get along the greatest contribution to your business are usually heavily invested in their role and your business operations. Often these employees are the most challenged by change process. Research has shown organizational change to be a main(a) cause of adjudicate. Because of the noticeings of uncertainty, insecurity, and threat that it invokes (Tan, 2005). Organizations that have employees that are overly stressed or burned-over out have more cases of absenteeism, abase productivity, lower strain satisfaction, and low morale. Major challenges* Resistance to change due to not being involved in the change decisions and/or implementation process and worship of having to learn more or lessthing overbold * Retaining employees by dint of the changes* change magnitude stress on employeesPolitical FrameBowman and Deal (B & D) describe organizations as living, screaming political arenas that host a complex web of individual and group interests. (2008, p. 194). Organizations comprise groups of people from diverse stage setting with different beliefs, preferences, experiences and ideals. Organizations have goals to achieve and they hire people from diverse backgrounds to help them achieve them. On the other passel people come into organizations with their own expectations and desires which they expect to be fulfilled within the organization. Individuals in theorganization join groups that will advance their agendas or that share their ideas and desires.Due to scarce resources and differences in the organizat ion conflicts erupts among different groups. To access more resources each group tries to use its power and skills to influence decisions that work to their advantage. However, the goal of the leading is to accept different groups of people unneurotic and ensure they work unneurotic as a team in regulate to achieve organization goals. Leaders are the guardians of the organizations and its goals. Therefore they result to negotiations, bargain and discussions with different groups to ensure despite their differences they are able to work unneurotic. Major Challenges* Divisions among groups that may affect productivity* compact resistance to changes arising from revolutionaryly metrics systems for fear of job sack* Inability of drawing cards to negotiate, bargain and jockey with different groups * Retraining of employees on the new metrics system may elevate divide the old and younger employees emblematic FrameThe Symbolic Frame describes the organizational culture, the rituals, the ceremonies all the symbols and heroes that help us make sum of organizational events and activities (Bolman & Deal 2008). In the exemplary frame, people judge organizations in general by their appearance. It is in this frame that organizations create the image that is expected of them, reassure their constituencies, and retrovert support for their missions.The symbolic frame can offer insight into fundamental issues of meaning and belief within an organization and occupy employees together if the drawing card is effective. Symbolic drawing cards are able to interpret experience and in that interpretation, they can express meaning and purpose. Leaders of this type need to look for something visible and outstanding to signal that change is on the way. A key function of symbolic leadership is to offer pat and hopeful interpretations of experience. An effective leader is able to do this is by painting a vision, a hopeful image of the future. The vision addresses bo th the challenges and the hopes and values of its followers. When employees are low or uncertain in quantify of change, they seek hopeand direction this is where a symbolic leader can bring people together and succeed. Symbolic leaders can create the vision and accordingly they can persuade others to follow it.Symbolic leaders tell stories. A booming way to do this is to embed their vision in a mythical story. A story that tells where the company has been, where it is, and where it is going in the future or spirit back at the business relationship of the company and the employees and what has brought you this farthermost already. These types of stories will succeed because people want to believe them and it makes it personal. Even a blemish story will work if the leader is persuasive in the values and hopes of the listeners. Good stories and a genuine personal touch reflect the power and the danger of symbolic leadership. Power is positive in the right hands but power in the wrong hands, can create forlornness (2004).Major challenges include* Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobs * croup I learn the new shipway-what if I cant?* The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or heros that can bring the listeners together * The symbolic leader may fail at purpose and incorporating climate and do work at work to ease tensions during the times of change * The organizations culture is not well reorient with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and usance lose meaning Assessments on How to Resolve ChallengesStructural FrameLack of structural design to enhance communication and information geological period among people. The job of managers and leaders is to focus on task, facts, and logic, not personality and emotions. Most people problems really stem from structural flaws rather than from flaws in individuals. Structural managers and leaders are not necessarily authoritarian and do no t necessarily solve every problem by issuing orders. Instead, they try to design and implement a process or structure appropriate to the problem and the circumstances. A structural scenario casts managers and leaders in fundamental roles of clarifying goals, attending to the relationship between structure and environment, and developing a structure that is clear toeveryone and appropriate to what needs to be done.This is a structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. Without a workable structure, people become unsure astir(predicate) what they are supposed to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict. In an effective organization, individuals are relatively clear approximately their responsibilities and their contribution to the mission. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are artless and widely accepted. When you have the right structure, one that people understand, organizations can achieve goals and individuals can see their role in the big picture. Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. Technology is about improving how we put our knowledge to work and increase our ability to produce valued results. Performance improvement continues to shape the future of many individuals and organizations around the world through instruction, sharing, working together, and networking.If recent assertions are to be believed, the pace of implementation of Information Technology (IT) within organizations would appear to be downhearted and its electron orbit pervasive, with extravagant claims made in terms of ITs organizational benefits such as increased efficiency and higher(prenominal) levels of customer service. IT has also been said to assuage the way in which information is processed, with the potential to change the way in which decision making is undertaken, and even to effect a shift in the nature and scope of activities undertaken by the business. For example, IT at least promises dramatic repercussions for the form and content of inter-organizational relationships as well as intra-organizational communication the bases on which organizations compete the means of production the process of dispersion and service support indeed for more or less every aspect of accepted organizational activity.Human Resource FrameResistance to change.The first challenge in the human resource frame that Martin Jacobs will need to face is resistance to change. Resistance to change can happen due to many reasons. Employees resist because they facial expression uninvolved and ignored. It is important to get employees involved either by letting them explore and provide some options in the decision-making process. When people areinvolved in the decision-making and/or implementation of changes, they feel more committed to it. (de Jager, 2001). other reason employees resist change is they fear having to learn something new. Its not that they disagree with the b enefits of some new process rather, they simply fear the unknown future and doubt their ability to adapt to it (de Jager, 2001). This type of resistance can be overcome by creating an environment where learning is the norm. In this learning environment, early failures of any learning endeavor are not frowned upon or punished, but are rewarded because failure is honored as licence of effort (de Jager, 2001).Retaining employees through the changesThe loss of gifted employees may be very damaging to the companys future success. During times of change, outstanding employees may leave an organization because they become dissatisfied and/or feel unmotivated. Management can help keep employees by crack incentive pay, such as cash bonuses and stock ownership.Another way that this company can help retain employees during times of change is through increase job satisfaction. Management can insure talented employees are condition autonomy in their job functions and are given meaning meaning ful assignments, allowing them to be involved in the decision making for their area of expertise (Sigler, 1999). Other ways that can help increase job satisfaction are making sure that the working conditions are pleasant and offering employees training to ensure they know how to use the new metric system within their job positions. annexd stress on employeesWhen employees are overly stressed, it could cause more cases of absenteeism, lower productivity, lower job satisfaction, and low morale. Managers can help relieve the stress employees feel during the change and maximize their human resource through the following 1. Increase communication and disseminate adequate information about the change. 2. Create a substantiative environment at the workplace.3. Empower their employees to play a more active role in the implementation of change. (Tan, 2005).Political FrameChanging the company to metric system may elicit different opinions from different groups in the organization. New allian ces will be formed between those who support the changes and those repelling to them. This will call for new bargaining and negotiations that may affect the morale and production. substance within the organization will seek assurances that the changes will not lead to layoffs and changes in benefits. Management assurance of availability of grow market due changes may motivate the unions to negotiate. In their bargaining management must educate employees the benefit of being proactive in a changing scotch environment.The younger groups of employees who are more technologically advanced and curious may right away cut through the changes. On the other hand older employees with more experience and committedness to the organization may feel threatened. This can strain relations between the groups. close planning will need to be implemented to ensure both groups embrace the change within workable differences. Managers will spend more time communicating changes and answering questi ons. This is important to prevent grape and rumors that may undermine the changes. Managers will be called upon to hold meetings with different groups to discuss progress and updates.Symbolic FrameResolving the changes in the symbolic frame include conclusion a way to bring employees together using stories, symbols, rituals or finding heros that unite the group. The group is looking for hope, a role model, a history that shows they will get through this change. unsubdivided actions can unite. Things such as sharing stories, talking to the group or individuals about positive attributes of the companies history, being positive yourself, recognizing the fears and concerns and reassuring, celebrating the things you can to bring the group together. A good visual that unites by telling a story without actually even being present is to put up air boards, photos, birthday or anniversary liststhe pictures from move years Christmas party or outing will bring the group together and offer support and reassurance for the coming year. Its all about being able to inspire and create a vision.The symbolic frame relates to the human needs theory but goes even beyond that by asserting that organizations are populated by people who strive for self-actualization through reconciling efforts.Forecast of the Future Impact of the Recommended ChangesStructural Frame*Waiting for Joe to provide his information.Human Resource Frame (Topics discussing)* Employees may need to be dismissed if their role becomes senseless after the change occurs.* Attitudes may change in the workplace this could cause a negative/positive work environment low employee morale* Decrease of productivity costing the company money.* Relationships grow stronger or weaken between management and the employees.* bolshy of talented employeesPolitical Frame (Topics discussing)* New groups and alliances will emerge and some groups may be formed or eliminated * Union and management will have to via media and fail ure to agree may result to strained relations or strikes * There will be intensive negotiations, bargaining and jockeying within the first one year until a balance is reached among different groups * There could emerge strained relationships between some technologically challenged and technologically savvy workersSymbolic FrameChanging from the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metric system will impact everyone at our company. The symbolic frame leads us to find a unite them that will bond everyone together, a common ground to dress down around. For this change in our company, we are going to go back to the beginning, what brought everyone to this company and the senior status of the company. * Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobsEach employee has their own concerns and worries about this change. Am I too old to learn this is one concern along with what was wrong with the oldway of doing things This is where the symbolic leader must ass ure employees that there will be a learning curve for sure but everyone will be worked with to help them understand the new changes. * Can I learn the new ways-what if I cant?It will not be an overnight change and everyone will learn at their own pace. The organization is committed to the employees and their jobs are not on the line. * The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or heros that can bring the listeners togetherThe symbolic leader will focus on the companies founder and how the company was able to make it to this point. All the years of commitment from the employees rallying around the company. The company will not turn their backs on the employees over this change but this will effective be another challenge for us to all ALL overcome. And we will. * The symbolic leader may fail at finding and incorporating humor and play at work to ease tensions during the times of changeThis is where the symbolic leader must find that unifying symbol. The founder of this c ompany and his vision. The company was founded by the great-grandfather of the current CEO, back in the days when Henry Taylor and Scientific Management was all the rage. Today the company needs to keep up with the global economy and this is one way of assuring we are staying current and up-to-date. This will unify us with the world and allow us to go forward with our vision. Focus on the grandfather, father and so forth a family owned company and each employee is part of that family. * The organizations culture is not well aligned with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and customs lose meaningIn this case with changing to the metric system, most employees will only fear the change as far as learning it and how it will affect their job. As long as the symbolic leader keeps this change in perspective as one small piece of the changes that have occurred over the history of the company, he will put this change into perspective for them. The symbols and customs will have meaning using the family company angle and how they are part of thatfamily.Conclusion*Completed by Andrew once paper has been fully written.References.Bolman, L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2008). Reframing organizations artistry, choice, and leadership. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass fine leadership skill Multi-frame thinking. (2004, November). Wildfire Magazine, Retrieved from http//www.guidancegroup.org/k2news/Uploads/WTL-11-2004.pdfDeGrosky, M. Wildfire. (2011). What Does This Viewpoint mention? Retrieved on December 32011 from http//wildfiremag.com/ prevail/viewpoint_suggest/ de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change A new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 Henderson, KJ. chron.com. (2011). Strategies on Reframing Change in Your Organization.Retrieved on November 3, 2011 from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-reframing-change-organization-3113.html.Morgan, G. (1986). Image s of organization. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications, Inc. Sigler, K. J. (1999). Challenges of employee retention. Management Research Review, 22(10),1-5. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635. Stadtlander, C.T.K.-H. (2007). Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice, and lead Book Review. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 12(1). Retrieved from http//ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol12_no1_pages_48-49.pdf http//guweb2.gonzaga.edu/orgl/orgl500/Module2/Mod2pg26.htmTan, N. (2005). Maximising Human Resource Potential in the Midst of Organizational Change. Singapore Management Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrievedfrom http//search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635